Tayammum, or dry ablution, is a substitute for wudu (ablution) and ghusl (full-body purification) when water is unavailable or its use is harmful. This ruling is derived from the Quranic verse:
"But if you find no water, then perform tayammum with clean earth." (An-Nisa: 43)
The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ also said:
"Earth is a purification for a Muslim, even if he does not find water for ten years, as long as he does not find water."
Tayammum is permissible in the following situations:
| Condition | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Absence of Water | If a traveler or person outside a city finds no water within a reasonable distance (approximately one mile or more). |
| Illness | If using water worsens a person's condition or delays healing. |
| Cold Weather | If washing the body with cold water could cause severe harm. |
| Fear of Danger | If acquiring water involves danger, such as wild animals or enemies. |
| Insufficient Water | If available water is needed for drinking or cooking. |